Khi trẻ từ chối không ăn, bố mẹ hay người chăm sóc trẻ thường rất lo lắng, sợ trẻ không ăn hết suất sẽ không tăng cân, sức đề kháng kém…
Theo thông tin chia sẻ của ThS.BS Hoàng Thị Hằng, Khoa Khám tư vấn dinh dưỡng trẻ em – Viện Dinh dưỡng, biếng ăn là một triệu chứng hay gặp ở trẻ em đặc biệt là trẻ trong độ tuổi từ 6-36 tháng.
Khi trẻ từ chối không ăn, bố mẹ hay người chăm sóc trẻ thường rất lo lắng, sợ trẻ không ăn hết suất sẽ không tăng cân, sức đề kháng kém…và nghĩ ra nhiều cách để dỗ con như cho trẻ xem tivi, chơi trò chơi, cho xuống sân chơi để hy vọng trẻ chịu ăn. Một số trường hợp còn dọa nạt, mắng, đánh trẻ làm trẻ sợ phải ăn hết suất, làm trẻ khóc để trẻ phải nuốt. Tuy nhiên, nhiều trẻ do bị ép ăn trở nên biếng ăn nặng hơn và dẫn đến biếng ăn tâm lý ở trẻ.
Những biểu hiện cho thấy trẻ đang biếng ăn tâm lý
Dấu hiệu hay gặp nhất khi trẻ bị biếng ăn tâm lý là trẻ có biểu hiện lo lắng, sợ hãi và khó chịu khi chuẩn bị ăn. Khi thấy mẹ đeo yếm hay nhìn thấy bát, con đã khóc mà chưa cần biết sẽ ăn gì hoặc không chịu vào ghế ngồi ăn. Nhiều trẻ khi nhìn thấy thức ăn đã buồn nôn, nôn khi ăn, lắc đầu không ăn, ngậm chặt miệng không chịu há, ngậm thức ăn lâu trong miệng…
Trẻ biếng ăn tâm lý sẽ ăn ít hơn so với các trẻ cùng lứa tuổi, do vậy không nạp đủ nhu cầu dinh dưỡng, nhiều trẻ kén ăn chỉ thích ăn một số ít loại thức ăn như chỉ chịu ăn cơm chan nước canh hoặc chỉ ăn trứng, không ăn hải sản, thịt hay rau xanh.
Trẻ không hoặc rất ít khi đòi ăn, không hào hứng ăn bất kì món ăn nào. Nhiều trẻ lớn còn tìm nhiều lý do để không phải ăn: như giả đau bụng, giả no hoặc cố tình làm đổ hay lén bỏ thức ăn đi.
Những hậu quả của biếng ăn tâm lý
Trẻ biếng ăn nói chung sẽ không nạp đủ chất dinh dưỡng, thường bị thiếu các vi chất dinh dưỡng như thiếu sắt dẫn đến thiếu máu, thiếu kẽm, thiếu protein… làm ảnh hưởng đến sức đề kháng, trẻ hay ốm vặt nên bị chậm tăng cân, suy dinh dưỡng. Nếu tình trạng biếng ăn không được cải thiện sớm, trẻ sẽ rơi vào vòng xoáy bệnh lý biếng ăn, nhiễm khuẩn và suy dinh dưỡng.
Biếng ăn tâm lý không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến sự phát triển của trẻ mà còn ảnh hưởng đến tâm lý của trẻ do bị bố mẹ mắng, ảnh hưởng đến không khí gia đình, nhiều trẻ trở nên xa cách và ngại tương tác cũng như tiếp xúc với người thân trong gia đình.
Người chăm sóc trẻ nên làm gì để giúp trẻ có bữa ăn ngon miệng, tránh được tình trạng biếng ăn tâm lý?
Khi trẻ được 6 tháng tuổi, trẻ bắt đầu chuyển sang giai đoạn ăn bổ sung, đây là giai đoạn rất quan trọng để cha mẹ tập cho con thói quen ăn lành mạnh. Những nguyên tắc sau đây cần tập cho con ngay từ những ngày đầu ăn bổ sung để giúp con có khẩu vị ăn tốt:
Tạo thói quen ăn đúng giờ, khoảng cách giữa các bữa ăn từ 2-3 tiếng, nhiều người nghĩ rằng qua 6 tháng sữa mẹ ít chất, con uống chỉ để giải khát nên thường vẫn cho trẻ bú mẹ vặt theo nhu cầu của trẻ, vì thế thời gian bú mẹ và ăn cháo thường gần nhau làm cho trẻ chưa có cảm giác đói và từ chối ăn. Ăn đúng giờ còn giúp cho trẻ có khả năng tiết men tiêu hóa tốt, do đó trẻ sẽ cảm thấy ngon miệng hơn.
Chế biến món ăn phù hợp với tuổi và sở thích của trẻ: Khi chế biến món ăn cần đa dạng các món ăn, đổi món thường xuyên, trang trí món ăn hấp dẫn đẹp mắt vừa giúp bữa ăn đảm bảo đủ chất dinh dưỡng vừa giúp trẻ thích thú với bữa ăn và cảm thấy ngon miệng hơn.
Tạo không khí vui vẻ trong bữa ăn của con: Nhiều bậc cha mẹ cứ dến bữa ăn thường cho trẻ ăn trước cả nhà và có người ngồi cạnh để nhắc trẻ ăn cho nhanh, đây là một cách cho ăn không hợp lý, thay vào đó nên cho trẻ ngồi ăn cùng các thành viên trong gia đình nhất là khi trẻ đã biết ăn cơm sẽ giúp một bữa ăn vui vẻ và ngon miệng hơn.
Vào bữa ăn, cần tập cho trẻ thói quen tập trung khi ăn, ngồi một chỗ để ăn, ngồi ghế ăn dặm hay bàn ăn, không chạy nhảy vui đùa trong bữa ăn, hạn chế cho trẻ xem ti vi, chơi đồ chơi trong bữa ăn, rèn thói quen cho trẻ tập trung vào bữa ăn.
Dạy trẻ khả năng tự lập trong bữa ăn, để bé tự xúc ăn, làm quen với nhiều món ăn khác nhau để biết được món ăn nào trẻ yêu thích. Khi trẻ biếng ăn, nên ưu tiên những món yêu thích để trẻ dễ ăn hơn.
Đối với các trẻ lớn có thể cho tham gia nấu ăn, trang trí món ăn với những hình hấp dẫn cũng là cách để giúp trẻ cảm thấy thích thú với bữa ăn.
Không nên kéo dài thời gian ăn: bữa ăn của trẻ nên gói gọn trong 30 phút, không dọa trẻ hay ép trẻ ăn hết suất khi trẻ không muốn ăn nữa, nếu trẻ quen ăn ít mỗi bữa thì có thể tăng số bữa trong ngày để trẻ ăn đủ lượng cần thiết.
Khi trẻ bị biếng ăn tâm lý, cha mẹ nên bổ sung vi chất dinh dưỡng gì cho con?
Trẻ biếng ăn có nguy cơ thiếu các vi chất dinh dưỡng như thiếu kẽm, thiếu sắt, vitamin nhóm B…. đặc biệt, hiện nay số trẻ thiếu kẽm chiếm tỉ lệ rất cao, khoảng 60 % ở trẻ dưới 5 tuổi. Kẽm là vi chất có vai trò quan trọng giúp cho trẻ có khẩu vị và sức đề kháng tốt.
Giai đoạn trẻ biếng ăn cũng có thể bổ sung thêm các loại men enzyme và men vi sinh hỗ trợ tiêu hóa, tuy nhiên cha mẹ không nên tự bổ sung cho con mà cần được hướng dẫn bởi các bác sĩ chuyên khoa dinh dưỡng.
Nếu trẻ biếng ăn không chỉ một, hai ngày mà có xu hướng kéo dài nên cho con đến khám tại các phòng khám chuyên khoa dinh dưỡng để được tư vấn chế độ dinh dưỡng phù hợp và được bổ sung kịp thời các vi chất, men tiêu hóa… trẻ đang thiếu hụt, giúp trẻ cải thiện tình trạng biếng ăn, phòng tránh trẻ bị biếng ăn kéo dài có thể dẫn đến suy dinh dưỡng, ảnh hưởng tới sự phát triển về tầm vóc và trí tuệ của trẻ.
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